Government Involvement in Health Care Essay

Abstract   The government has been engaging actively in health promotion in the past. Health promotion is empowering people to control and improve their health. The government has an obligation to take care of its citizens. Through the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion the government has been involved in health promotion. Chronic diseases are diseases that last for a long period of time and they are never cured immediately. Examples of chronic diseases are cancer, diabetes, obesity, arthritis and heart disease. The body conducts research in order to influence legislation. Secondly they are concerned with the health of all Americans indiscriminatingly, concerned with the health of minority races. The body works with the policy makers, public health officials. It also works with the education with education groups and voluntary organisations and community groups. Government should be involved in health promotion to cushion citizens from high health costs. How ever, this comes with immense economic implications in the form of high taxations on other goods and services. Benefits that accrue from government involvement include increased awareness on the dangers of harmful lifestyles. Should government be involved in the process of legislating health promotion? There have been many arguments on whether the government should involve itself in health promotion. The government should get involved in health promotion because first of all the health budget for the chronic diseases is very high. The citizens can no longer shoulder the expenses in terms of taxes. When individuals engage in self-destructive acts they will suffer from the chronic diseases but the rest of the healthy people shoulder the expenses of treating the disease. Secondly these diseases affect the mortality rates and health of citizens in turn affecting the productivity of the nation. On other hand attempting to modify people’s behaviours has been argued interferes with one’s privacy (Kimuzawal et al, 2010). The question of equity arises where the social impact of an individual person is analysed. Why should non-smokers and those who wear seat belts be affected by smokers and people who refuse to wear seat belts? Equity is where people are forced to bear the econ omic effects of their behaviour. They do this by the body’s actions being modified through such actions as legislation (Manville Moore, 2010) Economic implications of the government involvement in health promotion The main effect of government involvement is the increase of taxes on tobacco and alcohol products. The government applies fiscal measures such as this in order to discourage the people from taking the products since huge intakes increase an individual susceptibility to get chronic diseases (Heirich, 1998). The government therefore gets more income from the sale of these products. The people on the other hand if they insist on buying these products it will cost them more. The health promotion programs that run by the government cost considerable amount of money. There is a budget for them in the national budget. However the cost of these preventive measures cannot be compared to the savings experienced by the country in terms of less government costs in taking care of the chronically sick. The researches carried out by the government and the dissemination of this information to the public has increased public awareness. The government uses mobile phones to disseminate this informatio n. The information reaches many people and it is a cost-effective method (Overly, 2010). People are more concerned about their health watching what they eat. They then keep away from alcohol, tobacco and even fatty foods.When governments are involved in preventive measures research has shown that it reduces the cost of healthcare as more people are healthier (Webster, 2010). It reduces the rate of premature deaths and improves the quality of life. The productivity of the country workforce is increased affecting economic output positively. The savings and benefits of government health promotion to the public. According to a cancer research, 43% of the adult smokers try and quit but failure rates stand at 70-80% (Manville Moore, 2010). The government therefore needs to get involved in health promotion even more. Through its programs, it creates awareness for the people on the dangers of smoking, alcohol and fatty foods. The argument that people do not understand the impact of their poor health practices on the community does not hold any water as there is so much research information released on the media one cannot claim to have been in the dark, knowing nothing. Preventive measures have to be applied as the research shows curative measures are harder and even more costly to apply. At the end of the day the public benefits as they live healthier lives and consume less on medicine for chronic diseases. References: Heirich, M (1998). Rethinking Health Care Innovation and Change in America. Boulder, CO:   Westview Press Kimuzawal, et al, (2010). Similar Pressures, Different Contexts: Public Attitudes toward Government Intervention for Health Care in 21 Nations.   Journal of health and social behavior 51 (1): 123131 Manville, B Moore, D (2010, November 25). Addictions and answers: a new generation of smokers?   New York Daily News. www.nydailynews.com. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion  (NCCDPHPH).Chronic diseases: The Power to Prevent, the Call to Control: At A Glance 2009 www.cdc.gov December 14, 2010.Web.  December 18, 2010. Overly, S (2010, November 15).   Mobile phones become tools of health promotion. Washington Post.   www.washingtonpost.com. Webster, N (2010). Medicare and racial disparities in health: Fee-for-service versus managed care. Research in the Sociology of Health Care. 28(3) 112-131

Monroe Doctrine Essay - 1607 Words

The Monroe Doctrine James Monroe was born in 1758 in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He attended school until the age of sixteen. He then entered the College of William and Mary (Sauer, 2000, p. 233). Monroe enlisted in the army during the Revolutionary War and at the age of eighteen he became lieutenant. He served under Washington and he was later made a captain for his efforts in the battle at Trenton, New Jersey, where he was wounded in the shoulder. From then on Monroe was active in a variety of politics. Monroe became the state legislator of Virginia in 1782, served three years in Congress starting in 1784, and became Minister to France from 1794 to 1796. He also governed Virginia from 1799 to 1802 and became the†¦show more content†¦In 1820, during the Age of Good Feelings and Monroes second term as president, Spains colonies in Latin America revolted. The colonies gained their independence from Spain and between 1822 and 1826 the United States recognized a tie with the Latin repub lics. Recognizing this tie put the United States at odds with the Great Alliance. America also feared that Russia would take over the Oregon Territory. Great Britain was also upset because they feared that the Great Alliance would try to colonize the new Latin Republics again. If this were to happen it would result in worse commerce and trade for them. (Text, 2005) Although both Great Britain and the United States would benefit from joint declaration against the Great Alliance, which Great Briain had proposed, both Monroe and Adams believed it to be unnecessary and not politically wise (Podell Anzovin, 2001, p. 80). Instead of making this joint declaration President Monroe and his Secretary of State, John Adams, drafted what would be called the Monroe Doctrine. On December 2, 1823 the Monroe Doctrine was presented to Congress and set precedence for the attitudes and involvement of the United States towards the rest of the world. In my opinion no specific class nor ethnic, r acial, or gender groups were as affected by the Monroe Doctrine in the continental U.S. The people as a whole would begin to feel more dominant in terms of world relations thatShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of The Monroe Doctrine1195 Words   |  5 PagesThe Monroe Doctrine was established by U.S. president James Monroe and the U.S. secretary of state John Quincy Adams. Their plan of the Monroe Doctrine represented a solid line where the Americans will no longer tolerate interference from European powers in any way shape or form. For the most part, America was minding its own business until Imperialism started booming in the late 1800’s. Latin America was less developed and America saw South and Central America as perfect candidates to extract resourcesRead MoreHistory Of The Monroe Doctrine Of 1823 Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pages The History of the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 Israel Cordero Central High School November 9, 2015 3rd Period â€Æ' Abstract The Monroe Doctrine had a great impact due to its strict policy towards the European powers. It wanted to keep the U.S. trade safe from European powers and colonization. Without this important doctrine/document the Europeans would have most likely colonized, interfered with, and disrupted the western hemisphere and also the trade systems connected with them. The U.S. also wouldRead MoreEvolution of the Monroe Doctrine Essay2572 Words   |  11 PagesThe Monroe Doctrine The foreign policy objectives of the United States have changed drastically throughout the nation’s history. Old ideologies and policies have been abandoned and forgotten as America’s role in the global arena has developed. However, the Monroe Doctrine is an example of American foreign policy that has remained influential since its initiation shortly after America’s conception, up to the 21st century. The focus of this paper will be to analyze the evolution of the Monroe DoctrineRead MoreRoosevelts Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pagescorrupted the Monroe Doctrine’s â€Å"benevolent intent,† it is worth considering whether or not the Monroe Docterine was as benevolent as the unnamed professor seems to suggest. Professor X considers Monroe’s 1823 Doctrine an act of benevolence, in which an increasingly dominant world power generously extends protection over its continental neighbors. Yet the Professor ignores the inherently imperialistic subtext that is contained within the Doctrine, and thus his comparison of the Monroe Doctrine to theRead MoreMonroe Doctrine Essay1777 Words   |  8 PagesOn December 2, 1823, President James Monroe articulated his seventh annual message to Congress. This message presented Americans with a statement that changed the way the Western Hemisphere would be view and how international affairs toward the new Latin colonies would be handle from this point forward. It addressed European nations in particular and stated that â€Å"the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet nations† The Monroe Doctrine was initially designed to protect theRead MoreThe Monroe Doctrine And The Modern Framework For American Domestic Affairs950 Words   |  4 PagesIntended as an annual message to Congress in 1823, President James Monroe’s speech, The Monroe Doctrine, evolved into the modern framework for American domestic affairs. Monroeâ€℠¢s proposed domestic policy was the President’s way of attempting to secure The United States’ newly acquired land. Not even a decade after the War of 1812 was resolved, many Americans were concerned when it came to United States’ involvement in foreign wars. This unsettlement in America was largely due to a controlling andRead More The Monroe Doctrine: Origin and Early American Foreign Policy2078 Words   |  9 PagesThe essay discusses the creation of the Monroe Doctrine and how its birth shaped U.S. foreign policy from the 1820’s through the American Civil War. It also looks at the key players and their various motives in creating this important document. The Monroe Doctrine History during the early 1800’s found the American people very interested in the situation involving the Latin American countries found in central, South America, and Mexico. Though these Latin countries tried to establish theirRead MoreMonroe Doctrine1660 Words   |  7 PagesMonroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine can be considered as the United States first major declaration to the world as a fairly new nation. The Monroe Doctrine was a statement of United States policy on the activity and rights of powers in the Western Hemisphere during the early to mid 1800s. The doctrine established the United States position in the major world affairs of the time. Around the time of the Napoleonic Wars in the 1820s, Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Colombia all gained their independenceRead MoreThe Monroe Doctrine Post Monroe Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Monroe Doctrine Post-Monroe Application after its Declaration by Monroe President John Tyler After Monroe’s proclamation (in the following decades), American lawmakers did not resort to the doctrine critical of the Great Powers of Europe in spite of their sporadic military ‘involvements’ in Latin America. The primary concern for Monroe had been making certain that European commercialism would not be re-enforced on a territory of growing economic and ideological significance to the US. HoweverRead MoreThe Monroe Doctrine... a Positive3129 Words   |  13 PagesThe U.S benefitted Latin America through the implementation of the Monroe Doctrine, which helped prevented further European colonization. Independence and sovereignty were in the U.S’s intentions for involvement in Latin America, while many European governments saw benefits in overturning independence and thereby acquiring resources and global power. This paper will use examples of European colonialism in, Africa, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic, to support my claim. Both the U.S and Europ e had

Masters of public health revised Free Essays

For more than twenty years, I have worked as a dental surgeon in the Armed Forces of Pakistan.   I have spent a great part of my professional life as a dental practitioner in some of the most challenging circumstances while working with extremely basic facilities at a community level.   I have also served a diversified group of people regardless of their socio-economic status. We will write a custom essay sample on Masters of public health revised or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Since HIV and hepatitis are highly communicable diseases that can be acquired through dental treatment and related procedures, I have created public awareness about its prevention through information dissemination by means of conducting lectures, video films and posters. I have also provided information about the dental health status of the population and the inequities in health program.   In addition, I have shared my knowledge about the determinants of health and illness, strategies for health promotion, injury prevention, health protection and the factors that influence the delivery and use of health services.   I was also tasked to carry out a regular annual oral dental inspection at various community levels.   I assessed all the information that was gathered and prepared budgets, reports and recommendations for policy and program development.   These efforts led to the development of a school dental program in Pakistan. I completed my dental studies in the prestigious, de’Montmorency College of Dentistry in Pakistan.   This is a high profiled and oldest dental college in my country.   My interest in the field of public health stems from the dental services that I have done for over two decades while serving the Armed Forces of Pakistan.   This job allowed me to focus on the treatment of dental ailments as well as on the prevention of dental diseases, related infectious and communicable diseases such as hepatitis and HIV. The growing demand of my family did not enable me to perform tours of duty out side of my home city, Karachi.   Hence, I decided to take an early retirement from the Armed Forces of Pakistan.   Then, I worked in various medical centers and provided dental services to the Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (P.T.C.L.) employees and their dependents.     P.T.C.L. at that time was a state run Telecommunication company employing over 60,000 employees.   Recently I also did volunteer work as a trainor for the Kitchner  and Waterloo Sexual Assault Support Center. Pursuing a Masters degree in Public Health is in line with my long term career goal of  moving towards a managerial and  strategic role in health care provision.   I believe  that with the knowledge and exposure that I will learn in the University of Waterloo will enhance my skills as a dental surgeon and will provide me with a better grasp on the issues related to public health and disease prevention for a larger population. Now that I have migrated in Canada, I would like to be an effective public health professional and achieve the health goals set forth by the Canadian health services.   I also intend to conduct a study that will lead to the improvement of health and development of the population-based prevention programs. After successfully raising two intelligent and gifted children who are independently pursuing their college education and being a dedicated mother and a daughter and a happily married spouse for twenty years, I am now more focused and prepared to pursue a life long dream of earning a Masters degree in Public Health from a prestigious university. I believe in the saying of C. Everett Koop that â€Å"health care matters to all of us some of the time, public health matters to all of us all of the time†.   With my passion, dedication and drive in achieving my goals, I will be able to complete my graduate program in the University of Waterloo and contribute to the disease control and prevention program of my community.    How to cite Masters of public health revised, Essay examples

An Inspector Calls Differences and Comparisons Of Arthur B. And Sheila B. Essay Example For Students

An Inspector Calls Differences and Comparisons Of Arthur B. And Sheila B. Essay An Inspector Calls by JB Priestly Differences Comparisons between Mr B. and Sheila Arthur Burling is the main man in the Burling family, and seems to control it, i.e. whatever he says goes! The play is set in an imaginary town called Brumley, somewhere in the North of England. Mr. Burling has a selfish attitude towards life, and also an attitude to only care for himself and family, and basically forget everybody else, in fact, this is exactly what he tells a speech on at the celebration of Sheilas and Geralds engagement, a man has to look after himself and his family too, of course which gives the impression of the selfishness, and also greed. Another example of this is when he tells a speech about how it is the best day of his life, Gerald, Im going to tell you frankly, without any pretenses, that your engagement with Sheila means a lot to me. Shell make you happy, and Im sure youll make her happy. Your just the type of son-in-law I wanted makes people think whether he wants them to get married for themselves, or for him, and whether it means a lot to him sentimentally, or a lot to him in the business world. Burlings first priority is to make money, Its my duty to keep labour cost down and is also a social climber, and Sheila is engaged to the son of his friendly rival, which is why it could mean a lot to him in the business world because Geralds father is in a higher class than the Burling family. We can see that he is a man that tries to make everything better by using his money, Look inspector, Id give thousands. I think this may be a domineering attitude, because he wants to dominate people, and do all he can to do it, which reflects on how he treats his employees. In his factory, there is certain employees which ask for a pay rise, but Burling refuses to pay more than the going rate. Burling can afford the pay rise, but returns by sacking one member of the strike pack, Eva/Daisy Smith. After this, Burling was blamed for starting the domino effect of Eva/Daisys suicide, but refuses to accept the blame. Appearance plays a big part of Burling as well. How he looks is very important to him indeed in the respect that he always has to look posh and always dresses cleanly and smart. I think he does this not because he always want to be clean and smart, but to keep a good reputation with other high class people, and not to make them think that he is any lower than themselves. When the inspector asks questions to/about his family, he tries to protect his reputation by acting the innocent to the questions, even though we know, that he knows the answers to the questions, but wont tell them, to protect his reputation hard to explain!!. Burling  cannot see the consequences of neither his, nor his familys actions. We know this because Burling makes comments which seem ridiculous to us now, in the 90s and the year 2000. Things like the Titanic being unsinkable and that European nor World war would never happen. According to Burling, war will never happen because in his eyes, it would affect business, but Burling does not stop to think that people may care more about things other than business, which is why he cannot see the consequences of his own actions and is also another example of the selfishness within him. .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b , .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b .postImageUrl , .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b , .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b:hover , .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b:visited , .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b:active { border:0!important; } .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b:active , .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc128c158d84195cc50a2fe06b47ecc9b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compare and contrast the 2 poems EssayBurling hates stealing. When Eric Burlings son steals  £50 from Burliness office, he cares about nothing more than that he stole from him, and the amount he stole because  £50 was quite a bit of money in 1912, and Burling wasnt really concerned why Eric stole the money. Burling then exclaims, You dammed fool why didnt you come to me when you found yourself in this mess?. Erics reply indicates that Mr. Burling was never close to his son, Because youre not the kind of chap a man could turn to when hes in trouble. Such a response indicates that things arent going to improve much after the play ends, and also indicates that there may be a bad family relationship. Sheila is Mr. Burling and Mrs. Burlings daughter, and is engaged to Gerald, Burlings rival. Sheila has a totally different attitude to Burling, and we see this emphasized as the play progresses. She is very happy with life at the beginning of the play, young, and attractive. Although her happiness is about to be destroyed, as in her faith in her family. Her response to the tragedy is one of the few encouraging things, which I think, came out of the play. She is genuinely upset with the death of Eva/Daisy, and learns from her actions, unlike Burling. Not only she admits her faults and it seems as though see takes too much guilt on her shoulders, but seems keen and anxious to change her behavior in the future, Ill never do it again she exclaims. I think Sheila is aware of the mystery surrounding the inspector, yet realizes there is no point in hiding the facts from him, which is also a totally different attitude to Burling, because Burling seems to think he can hide the facts, and it will be okay, but Sheila, unlike Burling is not bothered about impairing her reputation, she is only bothered about the suicide. Sheila is amazed that her parents have not learned anything from the episode, and thinks that even though the inspector may be a hoax, I think she is convinced that her parents behaved in an entirely unsuitable manner, the way they were hiding facts, etc. Eric agrees with her, and is like Sheila in many ways. For example, Eric is also amazed that their parents have not learned anything in the episode. Sheilas family have tried to  block knowledge of everything that is unpleasant in life, but Sheila respects the truth and her parents dont know that she has more knowledge of unpleasant things that happen, and sometimes even more than her parents, e.g., Erics Drinking. At the start of the play, Sheila is selfish, moody and has a bad temper, which she may get from her father. So at the beginning, Sheila is rather like her father, but she cannot see this. One day, her bad temper goes too far because Mrs. Burling says her dress does not suit her, and Sheila unleashes her anger on Eva/Daisy, resulting her getting sacked from the fashion store. I think she regrets this later on, when she changes, and sees how ill tempered and selfish she was, but makes no attempt to do anything about it. Sheila does realize, in the end, the harm she has caused, and still wonders why her parents cannot see what they have done. Although the inspector does turn out to be a hoax, her parents seem to carry on as normal, especially Arthur, because he is just happy that the scandal will not get out, thus Arthur loosing his Knighthood, but, Eric and Sheila will probably never be the same again, as they have learned what they have done. .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321 , .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321 .postImageUrl , .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321 , .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321:hover , .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321:visited , .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321:active { border:0!important; } .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321:active , .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321 .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u429178ab5d6e9374d3803e8d3fd77321:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Interpreting Resistance through Gender EssayThere are a couple of comparisons between these two people, e.g., Arthur being selfish, and Sheila being selfish at the beginning of the story but overall, these are two very different people, the way they turn out in the end, and even the beginning when they are a little like each other. I did enjoy this book, although I think there should tell more about what the inspector actually is, instead of leaving it in suspense, but it cant really be suspense because it doesnt ever tell you what he is, because it is the end of the story, and suspense is where you really want to know what it is, but it will tell you in the end. I think suspense at the end of a story is not good, because it puts a bad ending for the story, because you really want to know the end, or something.

African Women essays

African Women essays The second largest continent in the world, Africa is huge, complex land mass occupied by thousands of tribes and nations. West Africa, from which most slaves came, contains tremendous differences in culture, language, and political and economic structure. An African woman could have expected to participate to participate in the economic life of the community out side her own home. Along the coast of West Africa, which most slaves came, women were often traders, an especially important role in an area where the economy was still primarily mercantile rather than industrial. An African woman could also have expected to own and control some of her own property after marriage without having to get permission from her husband. In many areas women could buy land or goods. Women in all parts of the world had an affect through their husband and sons but African women had formal structure through which to work, making decisions and effecting changes that have an impact on the entire tribe or n ation. In those days, African women had somewhat more power and autonomy than women in European countries. But how far did their power reach? (Shining Thread Of Hope Pg 10) Women in Africa could trade, own property, and sometimes collectively influence political decisions, but they could not exercise power over men. In most places, for example, women, girls, young children were not allowed to eat until the men and boys had finished, and they were forbidden to eat certain highly nutrition food. An African woman was accustomed to being resourceful, determined, and somewhat independent economically. She probably had all the qualities to a greater degree than the average young woman in Belgium or France. To that degree, the enslaved African woman had a cultural advantage, a background that would help her survive in the New World if she brought it with her. Slavery was a great eraser, and enslaved Africans came to northern farms and southern plantations as bla...

20 Exploratory Essay Topics Ideas Relevant to Globalization and Minority American Communities

20 Exploratory Essay Topics Ideas Relevant to Globalization and Minority American Communities There are many things which contribute to minority communities. This means that the topics available for your next essay are seemingly endless. Students can examine how people, ideas, and even organizations move and interact with different minority communities throughout America including groups like African Americans, Asian Americans, and Mexican Americans often referred to as Chicanos. Students can also explore each of their cultures of origin. Historical migration changes which influence groups of immigrants moving to new locations as well as other facets which contribute to the growth of specific migration and migrant communities in certain cities are all examples of potential subject matter. Even more exciting is the ability to take an existing or previously existing migrant or minority community and explore what the individuals within that community created amongst themselves and shared with other communities. Minority communities have provided a great deal of music throughout history, with each minority community creating their own music genre. The same is true for artwork as well as literature and even some scientific contributions. That being said, selecting a single topic from this wide range of ideas can be tiresome and exhausting. It is for this reason that you will find 20 sample exploratory essay topics listed below. Eleanor Roosevelt’s Contributions to Women as a Minority Community in America Jane Addams Contributions to Women as a Minority Community in America Frances Willard’s Contributions to Women as a Minority Community in America Cesar Chavez’ Contributions to Mexican Immigrants as a Minority Community in America The Impact of Illegal Immigration on Minority Community Creation Contributions to Farm Workers as a Minority Community in America by United Farm Workers Contributions to Women as a Minority Community in America by Women’s Suffrage Movement. American Civil Rights Movement’s Contributions to African Americans as a Minority Community in America Physical Traits Contributing to Minority Communities in America Religious Traits Contributing to Minority Communities in America Involuntary Inclusion in Minority Communities Migration’s Creation of Minority Communities History of Gender Contributing to Minority Communities in America Facets of Race Contributing to Minority Communities in America Ethnicity Changes Contributing to Minority Communities in America Minority Status of Chicanos in the US Minority Status of African Americans in the US Minority Status of Native Americans in the US Minority Status of Asian American Immigrants in America Minority Status of Women in America Arent those topics exciting? Well thats not all. We also offer to your attention 10 facts on globalization of  American minority communities with our exploratory essay writing tips in order to properly cover these topics. Now you can read a sample essay on one of the topics from the list above to give you a better understanding of what requirements you have to meet for your next paper writing assignment. Sample Exploratory Essay: Minority Status of Chicanos in the US There have been many movements of ideas, institutions, and individuals between minority American communities in the United States. Multiculturalism and mass migration has allowed for Chicanos, Asians, and African American communities to come together as one.  This coming together and sharing of cultures in 19th and 20th centuries has created a global village, so to speak. The sharing of such ideas and ideologies between different groups has also led to the creation of even broader communities. This is particularly true of the Chicano minority group in the United States. Mexican American constitute large numbers of immigrants in cities with Mexican names such as San Antonio, Los Angeles, in Albuquerque. But these individuals are members of the community which has existed in the Southwest since the 1800’s. The community has changed from mexican society to distinctly Chicano. Chicanos have been defined by mainstream society as people who are of Mexican descent. Unlike other minority groups in the United States they are at the same time indigenous and an immigrant community made up of Mexican descendants who have lived in the territories previously owned by Mexico. Unlike all other ethnic groups within the United States, Mexico   fell under the rule of the United States through the conquest of their territory. Mexico was defeated by the United States in a war which left more than 60,000 Mexican Americans north of the new border . It was their geographic location north of this new border that converted their status from Mexican to Mexican American. Since that time Chicanos have regularly been viewed as a racial minority, a minority which was never quite part of the white American majority. The racial nature of this minority community has created anti-mexican discrimination which is best combated with the multitude of legal changes implemented by courts ranging from local levels all the way to the Supreme Court again racial targeting. In cases where race is the backbone of oppression it is largely because the Chicanos are considered inferior by the majority. It is for this reason that their minority status remains problematic today. Rather than converting into the majority and assuming the title of American they are still considered a separate minority under the banner of Chicano. During the most part of 20th century Chicanos have been defined as a racially different minority, different from Americans. In California many states used the term Chicano to describe a distinct race. Groups from Latin America as well as Native American have all been blended together under the title of Chicano. Bringing a minority status has cultivated the idea that Mexican Americans are different from other Americans. Being classified as a minority in the United States enforces racial subordination. It does not guarantee equal treatment in society and in spite of attempts to implement equality still allows for the growth of racism. While many Chicanos do not consider themselves inferior and continue to adopt their original lifestyles and cultural nuances the truth of the matter is that while they remain titled a minority they will remain treated as immigrants and not allowed to exist as equals. References: Almaguer, Tomas.  Racial fault lines: The historical origins of white supremacy in California. Univ of California Press, 2008. Cheng, Wendy.  The Changs Next Door to the Diazes: Remapping Race in Suburban California.  2013. Hira, S. Questions and Answers about Reparations for Colonialism. (20). Ong, Paul M, and Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris.  Jobs And Economic Development In Minority Communities. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2006. Print. Steger, Manfred B.  Globalization. Print. Taneja, Preti.  Assimilation, Exodus, Eradication. London: Minority Rights Group International, 2007. Print. Williams, Phillip.  Special Education In Minority Communities. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1984. Print.

Systemic lupus erythematosus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Systemic lupus erythematosus - Research Paper Example Lupus can be drug induced, can occur in babies born to women who have Sjogren’s Disease or can be confined to the skin. Systemic lupus erythematosus is more widespread in that almost every part of the body can be affected. Symptoms experienced include extreme fatigue, skin rashes, weight loss and fever ( Lupus Health Centre, 2012) Kim et al ( 1999) also described respiratory distress in adults with the condition. Kimberly ( 2001, page 650) describes how both extreme hypertension and infection can be the causes of fatality in this very serious condition. The author looks at what he describes as ’research opportunities’ of different types and how these could be expected to bring about advances in treatment of the condition. This list includes such the identification of relevant genes, as well as how these become activated in early auto immune activity, causing the disease and involving both the inborn and acquired immune systems that humans have. He looks first of all at the incidence of the condition, stating that it is commoner among females as compared with males, and also that it is both commoner, and often more severe, among certain racial groups, naming both those of Hispanic origin and black people. It is stated that ( page 650) both the inflammatory and non-inflammatory damage caused to the body’s various organs, is due to the immune system and its pathogenic role in SLE. He looks forward a long way, believing that the next quarter of a century will bring about great advances in both understanding and the management of the condition. He sees this as moving towards a prevention of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. ( SLE). Antigens are provoked into action and these in their turn incite other antigens, and so the disease spreads through the victim’s body. The author describes current methods of management including the use of non –steroid anti- inflammatory drugs , as well as ones originally developed in

British literature with 3 choices for the topic Essay

British literature with 3 choices for the topic - Essay Example The natural world becomes, strangely, an unnatural and supernatural one inhabited by monsters. The terror of the unknown is common not just to the Norsemen, but to all men, and the intangible menace invoked by the supernatural reaches out of the text and grips the reader as well. Society in Beowulf has its core in the hall, not unsurprisingly called ‘Heorot’, meaning ‘heart’. The hall is surrounded by the hunter-gatherer village structure of women and huts, representing the outer periphery of society. Beyond lay the unknown – swamps and wilderness denoting the other, outer world where Grendel lives, unable to access Heorot and the social affection and bonding within. He can only watch from afar. The ‘Loathly Lady’ is a common motif found in literature extending back to Celtic and German mythology and Arthurian legend. The lady is portrayed as an ugly old hag a young and handsome knight has to consummate marriage with. When the deed is done, the crone is transformed into a beautiful, youthful maiden, who informs her husband that he can choose her to be beautiful and false or ugly and true. By letting his new wife make the decision herself, the knight frees her from the spell, and she is now fair and faithful. In the Irish tradition, the loathly lady has been thought to personify the sovereignty of the land, the parallel being that whoever submits to the prophetess kingmaker and her wishes will become the ruler of the land. The ‘lady’ is shown as different from the norm, both in the magical forms that she takes, as well as her behavior. Both Alysoun, in the prologue to The Wife of Baths Tale from Chaucers Canterbury Tales, as well as Dame Ragnelle in the tale itself, go against the accepted norms of society. Alysoun is much married and holds forth views on virginity, for instance, contrary to the established mores of the time. Ragnelle’s rude manners at the feast scandalizes all, but must be accepted as she is now wed to

Travel & Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Travel & Tourism - Essay Example The travel, tourism and hospitality industry has been growing steadily at a rapid pace. Technology has accelerated growth in entirely different ways in the travel industry. With the Internet explosion, globalization and more people willing to travel, this industry has been evolving rapidly to cater to the customers. Information Communication Technologies and the Internet continue to revolutionize the industry. They are now being touted as major distribution agent for the entire sector. Companies are now utilizing this tool to expand their market and increase their market share by trying to better their relationship with the customer and manage it effectively. With the increasing competitiveness in the industry, mergers and acquisitions are leading the way consolidating the industry players. This paves the way for more aggressive and sustained efforts to upgrade and innovate, altering their entire business model as well if need be, to stay abreast of the competition. Successful organizations thus use technologies to add value to their existing products and to enhance profitability. Man has always travelled from bygone days and his curiosity of the unknown was the basis of the enormous travel industry today. Since means of communication plays a vital part in travel and tourism industry, modern communications systems, with special reference to computer technology, have changed the concept of travel and tourism marketing. The advents of travel agencies and streamlined retail marketing and sales networks have played their part in empowering this massive industry to move forward. Technological advances in household appliances and gadgets have offered great amounts of leisure. All these have influenced tourism by enabling people to travel more. Explosion of internet In 2003, corporate travel bookings made on the Internet compared to the conventional direct bookings by telephone, fax or through the traditional travel agent was at only 12 per cent. Nevertheless, research consultancy marketSHARE predicts that this number will skyrocket to 28 per cent by 2008. Recent industry research shows that over 64% of the population comprising over 38 million people in the UK became Internet users as of 2005. Over eighty per cent of the adult population in this country has now visited the World Wide Web. These figures put the internet usage in the UK and penetration percentages equivalent to key market like the US, where web users now represent over 80 per cent of the adult population, and ahead of Germany and France in Europe. Data Statistics can be viewed at the website Growth of online travel booking users A recent survey of more than 450 travellers in the United Kingdom by consulting firm Accenture, revealed that business travellers are becoming increasingly dependent on the Internet with some 53 per cent of the respondents booking their trips online, 90 per cent of them using the Internet to search flight times and availability, and two-thirds checking-in online. More spending online UK online shopping revenues increased by 50 percent last year and for the first time, more goods and services will be bought using credit card and debit cards than cash, according to a report published by the Association for Payment

Evolving Museum And Visitor Experiences Cultural Studies Essay

Evolving Museum And Visitor Experiences Cultural Studies Essay For over a century the museum has been the most celebrated and respected venue for viewing original works of art, however the design and visitor experience of the museum has evolved extensively throughout history. This chapter investigates how the traditional museum has evolved and how the collaborative approach towards the design and internal arrangement of modern art museums affects the spatial experience of the visitor. Duncan and Wallach in (see Carbonell 2004, p.52) state that, Museums belong to the same architectural and art-historical category as temples, churches, shrines and certain types of palaces. Originally, museum architecture shared characteristics with traditional ceremonial buildings to make visible the idea of state within its context (see Carbonell 2004, p.52). Museums were originally built to house collections of objects which are were of scientific, artistic, or historical importance and make them available for public viewing through exhibits that were permanent. This meant that the spaces and collections were fixed and objects were located deliberately to provide a specific spatial experience for each user. However, according to Bordieu and Darbel in the work of Duncan and Wallach (see Carbonell 2004, p.53), Individuals respond in different ways according to their education, culture and class. It is therefore debateable to say that due to the personal background of each user, they may experience a space differently to how a curator, architect or the artist desires. The journey that a visitor experiences through any museum is usually described in terms of aesthetic contemplation and Duncan and Wallach (see Carbonell 2004, p.51) state that this can be affected by the ensemble of art, the architecture and installations, which are contributing factors to the overall spatial experience of the modern art museum. These factors can be altered regularly to affect a user emotionally, visually or physically and are determined by the curators, the artists and the architects, to provide multiple experiences within one space. Todays society is embracing new museums that provide a wealth of subjects, particularly ones that cater for viewers of the popular trend that is contemporary art. The contemporary art museum is considered a fairly modern  category of museum. Also referred to as an art gallery or centre, art museums provide space(s) for the temporary exhibition of art. It is thought that the content of the contemporary art museum primarily consists of installations, including objects  which are of a sculptural nature, paintings, digital art, fine art, and video art. To design a modern art museum in the present century has become a popular challenge that is sought after by most architects and artists. Collaborative approaches towards museum design and layout have been encouraged as it is believed to enhance the users experience on a great scale, by providing them with a better aesthetic and social experience throughout their visit. The users experience can also provide them with lasting memories about the beliefs and values that museums hope to communicate. Contemporary art museums are essentially temporary exhibition spaces, in comparison with traditional museum buildings that house permanent collections. The actual design of the contemporary museum no longer has the traditional architectural values that a museum had in twentieth century for example. The white cube effect has become a popular idea for museums within the 21st century with some artists and architects believing that the focus of a museum should be the art and not the architecture. However an ironic example of this is the Leytonstone Centre for Contemporary Art, launched in 2001 by British artist Bob Smith. Leytonstone is a London suburb which houses no significant arts venues. This space could be viewed as an artwork or as an art centre, as it primarily a single exhibition space at the end of the artists garden. The artist demonstrates that the white cube can be removed from the gallery or museum and reappear in a totally different context. By doing this he has dissolved the boundary between art and architecture as people may be confused as to what this space is: art or institution. Temporary exhibition spaces raise the question; Does the modern art museum provide multiple spatial experience each time a new exhibition is displayed within it? From the 11th June to the 2nd November 2009, The Architecture Foundation provided a series of dialogues in which artists, architects and critics investigated into how collaborative and artistic approaches can change the practice and products of architecture. This series, called Architecture + Art: Crossover and Collaboration, included a dialogue between Adam Caruso and Thomas Demand, chaired by Alex Farquharson, the Director of Nottingham Contemporary. During the dialogue, Caruso argues that a good exhibition shows artists work in relation to other work and how this creates the spatial experience of the exhibition: A lot of exhibitions nowadays dont sufficiently recognise that the point of an exhibition opposed to a catalogue, is that what physically experiences it, is actually the choice of the work and the configuration of the work in a gallery is a specific and unique event and its there and then its gone. (Tate Channel, 2009 2/11/2009, 7.00pm @ 34.08mins-35.04mins)(NOT SURE HOW TO REFERENCE THIS VIDEO?) By saying this, he is implying that contemporary art exhibitions are intended to provide multiple unique spatial experiences for users and therefore when exhibitions have been and gone, a new spatial experience can be achieved within the same space. Todays contemporary art museums have very few artefacts within them in comparison to the traditional museum. This significantly changes the traditional spatial experience, as the focus of the user is on the few items that are displayed within the museum and the often large spaces that have been dedicated to them, unlike a traditional museum where hundreds of items are displayed with no link to context. During the dialogue (2/11/2009, 7.00pm), Farquharson, states that one problem in recent years within art galleries has been that they are too large for art and that the majority or artists are not interested in exhibiting there. Thomas Demand has had many major solo exhibitions at many of the worlds leading modern contemporary art instituti ons and he agrees with this remark by saying that when he looks to exhibit within a building, he inquires into what type of art work architects intend to provide their space for. Demand (Tate Channel 2009 2/11/2009, 7.00pm?) argues, At some point you want to reshuffle things and you want to make more shows downstairsis that possible or not? Some museums only employ selected artists to exhibit within their spaces for various reasons. These could be that they want art work to coincide with the internal spaces and architecture, or that they want to challenge the artwork through architecture, or visa-versa. As an artist, Demand wants art museums to offer flexible opportunities within their spatial layouts for exhibitions of his work. By saying this, he may be implying that he wants his artwork to offer multiple spatial experiences within one building and if the museum architecture does not have this capability, the creative exchange between the art and the architecture is not beneficial for the user as they are not receiving the best out of an art exhibition or the space. Interactive exhibits within contemporary museums have become popular in the 21st century, which give the public the opportunity to make choices and engage in activities which may vary the spatial experience from person to person; particularly content that includes architectural installations as art. With the opening of 21st century building styles, Victoria Newhouse argues: Art as an entertainment is contested by many together with the related trend toward ever more spectacular museum architecture. While the latter suits some art, it does not suit all art, and in todays wide variety of museums there is often a lack of harmony between container and contents. The need to coordinate this relationship is all too often ignored by those commissioning new museums (Newhouse 2005, p.215) Newhouse thinks that the link between museum architecture and its content is fading, indicating that the collection is less significant than the architecture. In previous eras the interiors and architecture of the museum were related to its content. If Newhouse is correct, the lack of connection to architecture can affect the spatial experience and the focus of the museum becomes the architecture or the art. If there is no creative exchange between both disciplines, it could be said that the spatial experience will not benefit the user as the contributing factors to the overall spatial experience will not be linked. Collaboration within previous architectural styles The Renaissance was a time that saw integration between painting, sculpture and architecture. The oldest public museums in the world opened in  Rome  during this period. However, many significant museums in the world were not founded until the 18th century and the  Age of Enlightenment. Walter Gropius initiated a school in 1919 called the Bauhaus when he combined two existing institutions: the Academy of Fine Art and the School of Arts and Crafts. The Bauhaus was an attempt to create a new style appropriate for the machine age, whilst achieving integration between disciplines. The Bauhaus attitude (Toy 1997, p. 26) believed that: The new building of the future, will embrace architecture, sculpture and painting in one unity. The Bauhaus was seen to offer a modern vision towards design and education; this attitude demonstrated an objective language set out to relieve design of subjective ideas from the previous century. Like the Bauhaus, the Modern Movement insisted there would be no more architectural styles and introduced architecture as a problem solving activity. The problem solving process encouraged the architect to find the perfect functional solution, given any set of technical, economic or social conditions. This method became a defensive mechanism within architecture, designed to keep others out of the building process. Late Modernism in the 1960s however, led to a rebellion towards reason; this process involved dishonouring previous rules for design by using curved forms. Frank Lloyd Wrights Guggenheim Museum in New York was seen as an example of this subjective reaction. The Percent for Art scheme which was introduced in 1990, which capitalised on the growing public art movement in this country, had an intention to extend the opportunities within architecture and public sites for artists through collaboration with architects. This implied the general thought that artists should to be more involved within public building projects from the beginning of the building process. Since then, there has been an increase within collaborative projects for buildings, public spaces and gallery installations. During the 20th century architects tended to work closely with engineers on architectural projects, these relationships were formed to solve spatial problems with a functional response towards design. These relationships had the underlying issue that some architects refused to develop a self-directed aesthetic communication. This meant that architects held back on their subjective design approach and therefore created architecture based on functional and technical reasoning. This process consequently affected architects subjective judgment and their creativity. As a result, the idea of working with an artist became appealing to architects..

Cheating and Plagiarism - It’s Not Plagiarism, It’s Recycling :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

It’s Not Plagiarism, It’s Recycling What does plagiarism have to do with Shakespeare, Marlowe, Ovid's Metamorphosis, Titus Andronicus, Revenge Tragedies, Adam, Eve and the apple, and The Tempest? All these and many more are the result of plagiarism. There seems to be a great discussion on whether or not Shakespeare is the true author of the plays associated with his name. The internet seems to be full of essays, discussion boards and book reviews all dealing with this particular topic and most of the people submitting them are very forceful and definitive about their positions. In just a few hours of searching I found well over a thousand pages dealing with the original source of the works of art assigned to Shakespeare's name. The most disappointing part was that none of the essays I read even suggested the possibility of Shakespeare just "borrowing" information and topics from other playwrights and authors. They were all mainly interested in the man who actually put the words on paper. Not only did this decrease their usefulness for this particular paper but also they made it seem like the person who wrote the plays down on paper had some particular lawful ownership over them. This was not true though. During the time that Shakespeare was writing plays in England, there were no such laws deeming a play protected by copyright laws. Today, plays are usually published and distributed but in the Elizabethan era, plays were only written enough for the actors to learn their lines. When plays were put on there was usually a large audience. This audience could have included other playwrights and actors who would then remember pieces of what they saw and use them later in their own productions. How could this be copyrighted? Back then, actors were lucky if they did not get stopped by the police while performing a play why would the ideas of a playwright be protected by law? I do not think anyone even cared if the plays were used as resources for other plays. If Shakespeare used a part from one of Marlowe's plays, then Marlowe could take some ideas from Shakespeare. Since most of the ideas for plays came from famous works anyway, who's to say that Shakespeare's idea was even his own? Ovid's Metamorphosis is one of the most referenced works in the plays we have read already in class. Cheating and Plagiarism - It’s Not Plagiarism, It’s Recycling :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics It’s Not Plagiarism, It’s Recycling What does plagiarism have to do with Shakespeare, Marlowe, Ovid's Metamorphosis, Titus Andronicus, Revenge Tragedies, Adam, Eve and the apple, and The Tempest? All these and many more are the result of plagiarism. There seems to be a great discussion on whether or not Shakespeare is the true author of the plays associated with his name. The internet seems to be full of essays, discussion boards and book reviews all dealing with this particular topic and most of the people submitting them are very forceful and definitive about their positions. In just a few hours of searching I found well over a thousand pages dealing with the original source of the works of art assigned to Shakespeare's name. The most disappointing part was that none of the essays I read even suggested the possibility of Shakespeare just "borrowing" information and topics from other playwrights and authors. They were all mainly interested in the man who actually put the words on paper. Not only did this decrease their usefulness for this particular paper but also they made it seem like the person who wrote the plays down on paper had some particular lawful ownership over them. This was not true though. During the time that Shakespeare was writing plays in England, there were no such laws deeming a play protected by copyright laws. Today, plays are usually published and distributed but in the Elizabethan era, plays were only written enough for the actors to learn their lines. When plays were put on there was usually a large audience. This audience could have included other playwrights and actors who would then remember pieces of what they saw and use them later in their own productions. How could this be copyrighted? Back then, actors were lucky if they did not get stopped by the police while performing a play why would the ideas of a playwright be protected by law? I do not think anyone even cared if the plays were used as resources for other plays. If Shakespeare used a part from one of Marlowe's plays, then Marlowe could take some ideas from Shakespeare. Since most of the ideas for plays came from famous works anyway, who's to say that Shakespeare's idea was even his own? Ovid's Metamorphosis is one of the most referenced works in the plays we have read already in class.

Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger Essay

In The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, the author takes us on a journey with Holden Caulfield, a sixteen-year-old boy, going in and out of many boarding schools. When he gets kicked out of Pencey the story begins. In fear of coming home to his parents, Holden takes a trip to New York; which leaves him at the point of mental, physical, and emotional insanity. As the novel goes on his obsession with keeping children from losing their purity grows. The adult world seems fake, and Holden does not respect people who made the transition. In Gerald Rosen’s â€Å"A Retrospective Look At The Catcher In The Rye† he explores Holden’s connection to other characters in the book. He also analyzes the difficulties in crossing over to the adult world. Holden qualms the crossing over due to the fact that losing one’s innocence will force one to face reality, and will at times cause adults to â€Å"fall† into a deeper hole. Holden’s mania of keeping children from transitioning to adult hood shows all throughout The Catcher in the Rye. Rosen explains that during the period of time Holden was in the museum he made it known that everything always stayed the same. The purpose of the â€Å"glass cases† acts as a defense against touching, or tainting. â€Å"Like the children in the museum, to protect the innocent, the catcher must strictly refrain from touching; he must ‘just leave them alone’’’ (Rosen). This moment in the book compares the protected artifacts to the innocence of a child. He feels that if the children had someone to protect them from getting affected (â€Å"touched†) by the hard and cruel times in life they could hold onto their purity for as long as possible. Holden expresses the fact that he wants ensure security and stability during these times in life. This point seems to be the first point in the novel where Holden shows a desire to keep children from corruption. â€Å"Anyway, I keep picturing all these kids playing some game in the big field of rye and all†¦What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start going over the cliff† (Salinger 173). Holden wants to â€Å"catch† the kids from their transition into an adult. He does not want them having to deal with losses they will have to overcome in life. He believes that going into adulthood marks the point where society shows its true face. Since Allie, Holden brother’s, death he sees how reality twists and warps in sick ways. While walking around the museum he sees profanity. â€Å"I went down by a different staircase, and I saw another ‘Fuck You’ on the wall. I tried to rub it off with my hand again, but this one was scratched on, with a knife or something. It wouldn’t come off. It’s hopeless, anyway. If you had a million years to do it in, you couldn’t rub out even half of the ‘Fuck You’ signs in the world. It’s impossible† (Salinger 173).When Holden see those words written on the wall he realizes that the youth has already gone through exposure to corruption and cannot go backwards. Holden now understands his inability to save the children from â€Å"falling†, growing up. Since Holden has spent most of his time refraining other from going into adulthood, he did not see how much he himself has fallen. Holden has many similar qualities to a former classmate, James Castle. â€Å"Holden is identified with Castle by Castle’s having killed himself while wearing Holden’s sweater and by Castle’s appearing just before Holden on the roll call and school. This carries the implication that Holden maybe next in line for Castle’s death† (Rosen). James Castle’s way of and to death influenced Holden’s view of life. He suddenly became ostracized in society surrounded by a bunch of â€Å"phonies†. Death was the start and end of Holden’s loss of innocence. Holden never truly had an adult figure in life. His parents detached themselves from him, in times of his need. Feeling like he needed to communicate with someone he called his former teacher, Mr. Antolini. Holden wants to catch children from falling, where as Mr. Antolini wants to save Holden from a rough way down. â€Å"I have a feeling that you’re falling, a terrible,terrible fall† (Salinger 186).Mr. Antolini says this because ever since Allie’s death Holden has had a series of falls. Even though Allie was younger than Holden, he idolized him and thinks very highly of him. Mr. Antolini symbolizes Holden’s loss of Allie, loneliness, and inability to posess self-esteem. Holden wants to provide insurance for children so they do not experience the reality of society and from â€Å"falling† into a deeper hole. Making sure he succeeds, he does everything to keep them from going over the edge. Holden grows up through the novel, and realized that losing one’s innocence in is an unavoidable part of life. In this stage of life one makes the most mistakes and learns from them. If one never went through experience necessary to grow into an adult, they would seem very naà ¯ve and easily taken advantage of. People that have gone through the difficult crossing over want to protect children from the hard-ships. Works Cited Rosen, Gerald. â€Å"A Retrospective Look At The Catcher In The Rye.† American Quarterly 457-462 Salinger, J.D. The Catcher in the Rye. Boston: Little, Brown, 1951.

Bronchitis Essays - RTT, Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases

Bronchitis Essays - RTT, Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases Bronchitis Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi. It may develop suddenly, following a head cold (acute bronchitis), or it may persist or return regularly for many years, causing progressive degeneration of the bronchi and lungs (chronic bronchitis). Certain people are more susceptible than others; Men are more of a target to bronchitis than women, out numbering them 10 to 1 cc the reasons are unclear. Of course smokers are 50 times more likely to get chronic bronchitis than noncsmokers. Acute bronchitis is a bacteria or virus infection, often following a cold smoking. People who have acute bronchitis usually have a mild fever, soreness under breast bone, irritated by coughing. First they have a dry cough then the cough later brings up green and yellow mucus. The cough may persist to 4 to 6 weeks. Chronic bronchitis is produced by other chronic problem: sinusitis, smoking, TB, etc. The Bronchi becomes thick, inelastic, and accumulate mucus and pus in lower part of lungs instead of bringing discharges up and out. The result is chronic cough, shortness of breath, sometimes spasm, and frequent infection. In acute bronchitis, the basic symptoms are a head cold, fever and chills, running nose, aching muscles and possibly back pains. This is soon followed by the obvious persistent cough. At first the cough is dry and racking and eventually becomes phlegmy. The persistent cough is worse at night than during the day, and when the person breathes in smoke and fumes. The main symptoms most recognized in chronic bronchitis is, again, a cough, with sputum, often occurring in paroxysms. Other symptoms in chronic bronchitis are dependant on how much, or how little, emphysema is present. This disorder causes the lungs to become overstretched, making the breathing process difficult. The chronic bronchitic with no emphysema tends to be overweight and often has a bluish tinge to his or her lips due to lack of oxygen. Shortness of breath only occurs during exercise and other strenuous activity. The bronchitic with a great deal of emphysema, who has lost a lot of his or her oxygen cc exchanging ability, due to the condition, is short of breath at all times. The bronchitic with emphysema very often are underweight and, as the disease comes worse, develops a barrel chest. The Chronic bronchitic also wheezes because of the obstruction. NOTE: Emphysema is a state of overdistention of the tiny air-containing sacs of the lung. The cause of bronchitis are from viral or bacterial infections which spreads to the chest. The body uses defence mechanisms to try to prevent the viruses and bacterias from spreading the infections. Examples of defence mechanisms are sneezing, coughing, etc. There are also white blood cells to help us the fight off the bacterias and viruses. However if new viruses and bacterias enters our body then the white blood cells will have to take some time to recognize the new viruses and bacterias. Fortunately, a different kind of white blood cells try to fight off the bacterias and viruses as much as they can but unfortunately as they are doing that, they are releasing other chemicals. The chemicals enter the tissue that surrounds the trachea (see page 5 cc diagram 1) and they begin to expand and swell up. As they expand, they squeeze the trachea (see pg 5 cc diagram 2). As a result, less air can pass through the trachea causing a short of breath. Generally, bronchitis occurs with greater frequency in winter, in damp, cold climates, and in heavy polluted environments. The best treatment for acute bronchitis is bed rest in a warm room. Cough medicines will relieve the cough and aspirin will reduce the fever. Acute bronchitis that is viral usually runs it's course without medication. A proper diet and avoidance of additional irritants such as smoking are recommended. Steam inhalations is helpful in eliminating congestive mucus. Antibiotics may be needed if the cause is bacteria. Treatment of chronic bronchitis is more difficult. The patients lungs are already damaged and the destruction of the airways are not easily renewed. Bronchial dilator drugs may be given to the patient to relieve any such obstruction, while physiotherapy will help the patient get rid of any sputum. Yoga and breathing exercises may help shortness of breath. In severe cases, urgent hospital treatment may be required. Oxygen may have to be given through the course of the illness. Postal drainage can also be tried. This is when the patient lies on a bed, a large cushion raising the groin, and smaller pillows supporting the chest. Tapping the chest in this position causes the patient to

Compare and Contrast

Compare and Contrast Compare and Contrast Compare and Contrast By Maeve Maddox Jay asks â€Å"Compare with† = contrast; What are the circumstances by which one would use contrast as the verb instead? In general use, such as in writing a compare/contrast essay, compare means find the similarities and contrast means find the differences. Definitions from the OED: compare:. trans. To speak of or represent as similar; to liken. contrast: To set in opposition in order to show strikingly their different qualities or characteristics, and compare their superiorities or defects. Compare derives from Latin comparare to liken, to compare. Contrast derives from Latin contra, against plus stare, to stand. In Middle English the word was used in the literal sense to withstand or fight against as in battle. The word fell out of use until the end of the 17th century when it was reintroduced as an art term meaning to place in such juxtaposition as to bring strongly out differences of form, colour, etc., and thus to produce a striking effect. For differences in meaning between compare to and compare with, see Compared to or Compared with. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†Taser or Tazer? Tazing or Tasering?Quiet or Quite?

Civil Rights Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Civil Rights Era - Essay Example Before the 1960s, other major nations like the United Kingdom had in various ways permitted higher levels of freedom to the Black community (Mohammed, 2010). Faith Ringgold had used the ‘N’ word in her painting thus to bring attention to the fact that it was high time the so called ‘nigger’ of the United States had his or her own freedom and rights respected. Clearly, the overall meaning of her work could be summed as a protest against racism. Living a fight that had been started by the civil rights movement, Faith Ringgold was more or less adding her voice to the call for the Black American to be respected by virtue of his color and the need to the Black community to be granted as much freedom and justice as the White community. In relation to the documentary, the N Word, which sought to review various meanings associated with the word nigger, one is right to say that the title of ‘Die Nigger’ used by Faith Ringgold was an advocacy call for the negative connotations associated with the word nigger and the personality of the African American, of which the painter was one, as nigger to die (Mohammed, 2010). In the opinion of the painters, the African America did not deserve any more continuation of nigger connotations and so the overall meaning of the painting was for the associated nigger to die once and for all. One unique social structure of the United States that distinguishes it from other major countries and cultures of this world has to do with the kind of identification they give to citizens who are not of original American descent. This identification is in the fact that they want to mention the original origin of the citizen in addition to the word, American. One of such identifications is Mexican-American. Interestingly, this does not end there. In the era prior to the civil rights freedom era, it was generally speculated and notion that Americans refused to give total freedom to the respect of the rights of thes e labeled Americans. In this vain, several civil rights groups sprang up among these labeled Americans who in most cases formed the minority group (Rogers, 2009). The Chicano Movement is one of such popular groups that were instituted to defend the human rights of Mexican-Americans. As a member of the Mexican-American himself, Mel Casas used his talent and profession as a painter to trumpet his side of the message for equality before the law. In support of his move, other famous methods of trumpeting the need for equality sprang up through the use of strange means like cartoon and commercials. PART 2 1. A s far as the representation of the two imagery are concerned, it can be seen that the artist took advantage of the power and authority behind the national flag of the United States to put her message of the need for absolute equality before the law across. It is not surprising therefore that the painting really was done in the image of the United States flag. Imperatively, one nati on that had all its people using the same flag needed to be treated the same but in the opinion of the artists this was not done. She therefore could not help than to use her painting to create the impression that some people among the American society had a different identity by virtue of the treatment they received in the hands of their own people. 2. The first point that confirms that the message in the work of

Ethics and law in business and society Research Paper

Ethics and law in business and society - Research Paper Example Ethics represents the doctrine related to moral philosophy, which incorporates systematic, defending and recommending concepts that further intend to segregate between the right deeds and wrong deeds. The anthropomorphic view reflects about the human behavior of following an order under the enforcement of lawThis view is generally adapted by individuals and entities as a phenomenon of natural pride for being able to provide a meaning to their world. Ironically, the underlying fact is that human beings pertain to be the actual source of morals and ethics. Therein, imposition of laws to raise the ethical standard of human beings is often contravened with skeptic arguments concerning its effectiveness. One such example had been the enactment of Hippocratic Oath, which has continued in the recent phenomenon, with the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 has been enacted to protect the investors, who invest in the form of securities by refining the accurat eness and trustworthiness of the company’s financial disclosure. This law was basically enacted in retort to the frequent reporting of accounting scandals in early 2000s, especially drawing from the inferences in the Enron case. Correspondingly, this particular law complies with a motive similar to that endured in the Hippocratic Oath to raise integrity and moral values amid the medical professionals and the physicians for practicing medicine with truthfulness, but in the paradigm of accountants and auditors in the 21st century context (Newsome & Wilson, 2006; Tyson, 2001). Although these two laws deal with different realms of professionalism, while the effectiveness and complete realization of the intended virtues of Hippocratic Oath in raising the moral values of medical practitioners remain dubious (Stern & Papadakis, 2006; Gilman, 2005), the effectiveness of Sarbanes-Oxley Act is implying the same for accountants and auditors has also been a subject of major concern. Henc e, the focal point of the discussion henceforth is not to differentiate between these two laws but is rather confined to critically examine the roots and the effectiveness possibilities of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 as a measure to stimulate moral understanding and develop conscience within accountants and auditors to avoid instances such as Enron’s collapse in the future. This essay, in precise, thus intends to discuss about the public policies associated with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 from a critical viewpoint. History of the Act Public Policy Prescription Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 reflects about the financial reports that need to incorporate certain certifications to prove its accuracy, transparency and legitimacy. The policy further stresses on the fact that it is the responsibility of the financial officers to review the report before signing their agreement to the disclosed facts, in order to ensure that the report being framed does not entail ‘Mat erial Untrue Statement’. Eventually, the signing officers are considered as solely responsible for the internal controls of a company and thus, the only enforcer to accounting integrity. Correspondingly, Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002’s section 401 incorporates the policies associated with the financial disclosures. In accordance to this particular section, the financial statements being published must be accurate. Furthermore, these financial statements must incorporate ‘Material Off-Balance Sheet’ transactions or liabilities. The commission here is basically required to conduct a detailed study on the ‘Off-Balance Transaction’. According to the policies of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 mentioned under section 404, the issuers must publish information concerning the scope along with the adequacy in the annual reports. Eventually, the section 409 of the concerned act focuses on the responsibilities of the issuers to inform the public on immediate basis per taining to any change(s), which occurs within their financial

Ethical Considerations of Health Information Management Essay

Ethical Considerations of Health Information Management - Essay Example Naturally, human beings are secretive and tend to limit the extent to which certain information concerning their social and health status should reach the public ear. Societal response to healthcare services often depends on the extent to which the health care service would infringe their civil liberty. This research examines possibility of privacy violation among the medical professionals as well as the effects of such violations to the patients. Problem Statement Handling of patients’ information is critical concern in the medical practice because it affects the liberty of the patient in one side and on the other side, it dictate the ability of the healthcare profession to discharge his duty. The consequent of the above phenomena is the need to create ethical codes that define the manner in which healthcare professionals should handle the patients’ information. In practice, medical officer often request clients to volunteer information concerning their health or perso n problems. This data is instrumental in discharging the right service to the patient as well as designing of an intervention mechanism to a disease outbreak in the society (Harman, 2001). Nevertheless, protection of the patient liberty is critical in ensuring effective service delivery. In this sense, handling of the patient’s information within the stipulated codes necessary, but the code should not bar the medical professional from protecting life. Summary of Research Sources Some critics have demonstrated concerns about the use of social network among medical professionals (Thompson et al., 2011). The fact that the medical professionals use social network aggravate the danger of violation of patient’s privacy. Recent studies indicate that medical institutions have established that some unprofessional medical students post medical information in the social network thereby breaching the patient’s privacy rights. Various laws defining medical practice tend to o utlaw activities or engagements between the medical professional and the public that would lead to breach of patient’s privacy. The Health Information Portability and Accountability Act define the extent to which the medical professional can share confidential information of the patients. The relationship between medical professionals and the patients is not only instrumental in defining the nature of the service delivered to the patients, but also affects the societal perception to the medical practice. Some critics show that patients are unwilling to visit healthcare facilities if their personal information were to reach the public ear (Neurodiagn, 2012). Arguably, this finding does not only affect the patient, but also the societal values establishing the medical practice. Some studies have sought to establish the influence of trust in medical practice (Thompson et al., 2011). Such studies shows that trust between the medical practitioner and the client dictate the nature of response that the patient would give to the medical officer. Information dissemination is a critical component of the medical practice. The medical practitioners rely on the information given to them by the patients. It follows that, lack of trust or breach of trust between the parties involves elicit poor service delivery. The handling of patient’

Assignment About Google Essay Example for Free

Assignment About Google Essay The question requires the student to evaluate how successful Nintendo Wii has been in meeting the needs of today’s gaming through new product development. The answer here is dependent on the student’s ability to analyse and evaluate the case study. The students are expected to make reference to retail marketing mix in their answer. Students’ answer should include the following or other equivalent answers: Considerations when developing new product strategy: i. Ongoing Corporate Planning ii. Ongoing Market Planning iii. Ongoing Technology Management iv. Opportunity Analysis/Serendipity . Market Penetration vi. Market Development vii. Product Development viii. Diversification Application of Pearson’s Uncertainty Map: i. Exploratory Research ii. Development Engineering iii. Applications Engineering iv. Combining Market Opportunities Question 2 Based on the case study, how can Nintendo Wii better manage innovation as a competitive tool in the field of developmental gaming? Answer: The question requires the student to identify organization characteristics and further recommend organization changes to facilitate innovation process within Nintendo Wii. The answer here is dependent on the student’s ability to analyse and give reason for choosing any relevant issues. The organization characteristics that facilitate the innovation process, students’ answer should include the following or other equivalent answers: i. Growth orientation ii. Vigilance and external links iii. Commitment to technology and Ramp;D intensity iv. Acceptance of risks v. Cross function cooperation and coordination within the organization structure vi. Receptivity to change vii. Space for creativity viii. Strategy towards innovation ix. Diverse range of skills Question 1 | Percentage| | Background of the case should be clearly discussed. | 15%| 2| Feasible application should be discussed in depth| 15%| 3| Identify the multi-dimensional concept of float glass technology. | 10%| 4| Use of proper language, grammar, referencing, and acknowledgement of external sources| 10%| | | | | Total| 50%| | | | Question 2 | | 1| Explain the dilemma, recognize the difficulties of managing uncertainty. | 20%| 2| Answers should be justified and must be logical and critical. | 20%| 3| Use of proper language, grammar, referencing, and acknowledgement of external sources| 10%| | Total| 50%| Marking Scheme

Partner Selection for International Joint Ventures (IJV)

Partner Selection for International Joint Ventures (IJV) INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURES Partner selection is recognized as being very important to the success of any collaboration. Taking into consideration the lessons from the Collaboration Exercise, the course material and any publicly available information available to you, critically discuss the relevant issues concerned with partner selection for collaboration, specifically in the context of an International Joint Venture company. The questions provided below provide some guidance on the issues you could cover: What are the main characteristics to look for in a good collaborative partner? What would your selection criteria include? Consider also the strategic, political and tactical implications of your choice (30%) What factors are important in determining whether or not you and your partner are a good match, i.e., compatibility of culture? Again, what would your selection criteria include? (30%) What could you and your partner do to create good conditions for a partnership? (40%) Length: All scripts are subject to a maximum word count of 4000 +/- 10%, excluding references, tables of contents and appendices. The final word count should be included at the end of the script. COMPLETION DATE: To be submitted electronically using the appropriate web-form available from http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/ftmsc/postmodulework/submissions/ and following the guidelines provided in your handbook BEFORE 09:00 on 17/01/11 PLEASE NOTE PMW received after 09:00 will be stamped as having arrived on the next working day. Post Module Work which does not reach WMG by the due date will be considered to be late. Penalties for lateness may be applied at the rate of 3 percentage points per University working day after the due date, up to a maximum of 14 days late. After this period the work may be counted as a non-submission. Complete your assignment from here (heading styles have been set up to assist you in this work) (Delete the instructions in this font before you save and submit your work): MODULE TITLE Table of Contents International Join Venture 2 Environmental characteristics 3 Partner Compatibility Evaluation 5 Creating good condition for partnership 13 Conclusion 16 References 17 Enter a page break here and between each question Partner selection is recognized as being very important to the success of any collaboration. Taking into consideration the lessons from the Collaboration Exercise, the course material and any publicly available information available to you, critically discuss the relevant issues concerned with partner selection for collaboration, specifically in the context of an International Joint Venture company. The questions provided below provide some guidance on the issues you could cover: What are the main characteristics to look for in a good collaborative partner? What would your selection criteria include? Consider also the strategic, political and tactical implications of your choice (30%) What factors are important in determining whether or not you and your partner are a good match, i.e., compatibility of culture? Again, what would your selection criteria include? (30%) What could you and your partner do to create good conditions for a partnership? (40%) International Join Venture International joint venture between two or more companies has benefits of more resources and knowledge share as well as reward and risk share. Reasons that companies create joint venture could be initiated by new product development, opportunity to access wider marketing or expanding the company with at least one company headquartered outside country of operation (host country). The immediate benefits of joint ventures partnerships are access to a wider range of resources with complimentary set of skillsets and expertise, access to extensive market domain and ability to utilise a broader range of technologies. International joint venture partnership is one of the integral factors to grow and develop economics and the most beneficial approach is by engaging with and utilising local business with strong market connections and existing established business networks. Environmental characteristics Government and Politics One of the most important criteria in choosing an international joint venture partner is the environment where joint venture will operate in, as this can have direct effect on the performance of both parties. Host countrys political atmosphere and government policies are key factors to consider when verifying the suitability of the environment; any pressure could directly or indirectly restrict the foreign partners involvement and activities (Blodgett, 1991). According to Ozorhon et al. (2007) host governments unstable policies and regulations, regular changes in laws and restrictions on repatriations and imports, jeopardise the effectiveness of joint venture partnership. In authors opinion host countrys political procedures that disable effective IJV partnership needs to be identified prior to any attempt to start a joint venture. An example of a political issue effecting IJV is political mismatch and disagreements between foreign partners government and the host partners government. This will hugely impact business agreements from taking place even if partners skillsets, organizational policies and objectives match and work very well together. Stable economic situation, government policies and political relationships are crucial to a successful business partnership; the foreign partner needs to find an adequate environment before deciding on finding a matching partner, evaluating economic, political and financial aspects of the environment. Case study This case study will look at current situation of Irans International joint ventures and influence of Western countries political relationship with Iran on business partnership with other countries. The Current UN and European sanctions on Iran over claims that Iran is building nuclear weapons have affected new joint ventures as well as the ones that have been in place for many years. One example is Rhum North sea gas field in Scotland owned by BP (50%) and the Iranian Oil Company (50%), the joint venture started since 1970s. New European sanctions have forced BP to suspend this engagement and stop production in Rhum North Sea (BP, 2010). This demonstrates politics contention between countries, affecting joint ventures and ending related agreements with immediate effect, causing financial loss for both partners. Other countries that are in agreement with the United Nations regulations and countries with good political and economic relation and dependencies with the USA and the West could also consider limiting and ending their joint ventures with Iranian companies. This is to avoid any breaking the United Nation regulation as well as avoidance to jeopardising their relationship and dependency to western countries. A stable host government creates a suitable environment for IJV partners; this has long term positive impact on the courtiers economic and immediate positive effect on the partner companies, allowing the parties to concentrate on the inside organisational progress and improvements. Economic Environment A partners country economic situation can affect the business environment and performance, having stable economic elements provides the foreign partner a constant and secure investment climate (Ozorhon et al. (2007). In authors opinion economic climate could affect IJV partnership viability, economic fluctuation, foreign exchange rates and inflation, with direct impact on the partner selection process. Businesses start joint ventures in other countries considering economic perspectives that fit their needs. The host countrys currency compared to foreign countrys currency, gives an opportunity to investors from foreign countries to benefit from cheap investments (Low cost of capitals) and increased wealth position. Currency appreciation makes higher material and manufacturing cost in foreign country hence foreign partner moves the production to host country to benefit from lower costs and gain more opportunity to compete and be a leader in the related market. Market Power The market power is focused on how businesses can get stronger and develop their market domain through international partnership (Child Faulkner, 1998). In authors opinion, successful companies with high position in the existing local market could take advantages of other countries market, enter international sale and extend their marketplace by starting partnership with other successful company in different countries. Also companies with advanced technologies and skillsets could start a joint venture partnership with small companies in other developing country to benefit from the raw market and extend their domain. Dominant market network, using partnership advantageous creates an International joint venture with mutual benefits to partners, increases growth opportunities and market power for both parties. Business market power is an essential deciding factor in selecting a partner. It is also critical to review the business and economic history of the environment, current climate and future predictions. The regional and national business performance, quality of life and people expenditure on similar product and services help to indicate the partners economic environment suitability. Development and management of international joint ventures in different environments creates their own challenges, above all cultural differences between two partners from different nations adds additional complexity. Other related issues and challenges are language barriers and consequence communication issues, management relationship conflicts, unclear objectives, different objectives, incompatible expertise / facilities, lack of partner support and involvement. Partner Compatibility Evaluation Before making any decision on selecting a joint venture partner, extensive research and detailed study are required to be carried out to identify the partners business prospects, objectives and the environmental and organisational characteristics. SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis is very beneficial and could be utilised to identify the potential partners weaknesses and strength and how they match the companys requirements. This would help to establish if two businesses complement each other (Barnes, 2010). During the International join venture module and the team exercises, author gathered a list of important criteria that are crucial in the partner selection process: Past reputation and positive track record of collaboration, good brand, culture (national and corporate culture), Organisation size, mutual benefit potentials, compatibility of CEOs and the senior management team, ability to work together in operation levels, government laws and regulations, strategic clarity and compatibility, management style, subject matter knowledge and skills, experience in the related market and assets (Barnes, 2010). In this assignment author is going to analyse and explore Cultural differences between partners and Compatible management style. Culture Why culture is an important factor? There should be a cultural fit between companies, for example it is difficult to match a bureaucratic culture to non-bureaucratic culture, as resources are not used to obey rigid rules (e.g. managers stamp or signature to process tasks). International joint venture partnership cannot avoid cultural differences; there will always be a case of hybrid structures. According to Swierczek (1994) majority of joint ventures partnership failures are caused by cultural related issues and mismatches. A study of 110 joint ventures between America and Asia shows 50% of failure is mostly affected by non-complementary cultures and incompatibilities. Partners culture influences commonly known assumptions, unrecorded rules and regulations and common understandings. It is important to evaluate the potential impact of the partnerships effects on the general skills, quality, resources and the company systems and organisational structure. Due to the cultural differences and the need of cooperation, there would be a need to compromise; however the effect of this needs to be analysed and the impact carefully evaluated (Swierczek, 1994). One important factor that determines the success rate of an international joint venture partnership is culture compatibility; without this partners cannot work together and conflict can occur. Compatible cultures can create same understanding and harmony between the partners. To understand cultures and the factors that could impact the possibility of their compatibility, author has evaluated different angles and viewpoints of culture. According to Hofstede (1984) core aspects of culture are: High power distance: Communication with higher positioned members and senior managers has formal process with hierarchy organisational system. Low power distance: Members feel equal, included in decision-makings and communication with senior members and environment is more relaxed and informal. Individualism: Contributor is focused on self-success, own benefits and objectives. Collectivism: Contributor has more interest in team success and group interest High uncertainty avoidance: Keeping away from risk and getting out of conflicts Low uncertainty avoidance: Comfortable with approaching risks and dealing with disagreement Femininity: In Feminine cultures values and approaches are modest, emotional and considerate. Masculinity: This culture is oriented by Competiveness, assertiveness and achievements In authors opinion it is evident that cultures with different values can face conflicts and disagreements, different nations can have different understandings and interpretations and culture as a foundation affects the conflict management style. In multicultural joint ventures, partners communication style will differ and could clash with each other; this could be very frustrating and create unsuccessful results. Different culture means different languages, different outlook, beliefs and problem solving approaches. According to Swierczek (1994) Asian culture generally avoids conflicts and when it occurs they seek help from senior members to suggest solutions but in European cultures there is less respect for hierarchy and when confrontation occurs, the negatives would be pointed out directly. In authors personal experience from Asian and European cultures, people with different cultures have dissimilar attitudes in business, partly because of the educational and discipline methods, that differs in cultural backgrounds. Partnership between two firms could be successful if cultural differences are realised and analysed in early stages. This would be by identifying the potential problems and conflicts with proposed solutions enabling partners to benefit from constructive aspects of multicultural approach. According to Swierczek (1994) building a correct and effective organisational culture and considering the involved cultures could reduce the possible conflicts. To make conflict management more effective two methods are introduced: 1. Compromise style To prevent any win-lose outcome, participants would negotiate and agree to give up their benefits partly so their partner would gain mutual benefits as well. Also when same objectives cannot be reached or more than one agreement is on the table, compromising needs to take place. 2. Collaborative style All the participants need to get involved and identify roots of conflicts and assess the possible outcomes and damages then introduce solutions agreed by everyone (Swierczek, 1994) According to Al-Khalifa and Peterson (1999) in many failed international joint venture (IJV) cases, manufacturing process doesnt last very long and this is caused by the lack of understanding of the local cultural, political and economic environment. Cultures need to fit between the organisations, a lot of international joint ventures collapse because of cultural misunderstanding and differences; it is useful to research the local market first before entering the collaboration. An example of cultural difference is looked at by Lynn (2002) between Japanese and American companies, where Americans had the impression that Japanese are efficient and hardworking but were disappointed when saw different results after starting the international joint venture in America. In Japaneses view deadlines werent as important as it was for Americans, Japanese were more concentrated on what they want to achieve regardless of time but Americans aimed to finish the work by the deadline however possible. This was a big problem for Americans when they used one of Japanese suppliers and received the order six months late. In authors opinion the definition of hardworking and efficiency in different cultures differs where Japanese seem to be aiming for the best result and improving the quality and less concerned about the deadlines. This could be very frustrating to opposite partner with different attitude. It is important that companies find a partner that are compatible and have the same perspective and understanding. Culture awareness and a full initial analysis phase, to gather the required information, helps partners to evaluate the possibility of working together successfully and provide the bases so that parties design a framework and set a realistic plan that would work for both cultures. Partner complementary skill According to Zahra and Elhagrasey, (1994) majority of International joint venture failures are caused by selecting a wrong partner. Partner selection by their brand popularity or reputation is not enough and further research is needed to determine if the partners are compatible If Partners skills and strength matches or compliments the business requirements, the partnership objectives could be successfully met; these requirements could be market, skills or resource access related. The range of skills that each partner can contribute to a partnership varies. A purpose of a partnership would be to fulfill the business requirements where the necessary skillsets such as technical skills, market knowledge skills, production skills, management skills or resource access skills are not at a sufficient level. This could also be due to the associated costs or time limitations challenges with producing these skills locally / internally. When two partners skill sets complement each other, partnership can work well together, however if two partners have similar or identical skill, disagreements and competition could occur. Organisations can often learn from the skills and experiences offered by the partner in an international joint venture to enhance their offerings and abilities. This could reduce the needs of future partnerships. Management Style It is challenging to manage International joint venture (IJV) companies that have been created by two or more parent companies. These companies have different structures, goals, management style and organisational cultures. People management conflicts become evident when partners discuss how the organisation will be managed and who will be in charge. According to Matthews (1999) the problems with international joint venture that require control and structured management are: Different background and cultures Business geographical locations Inevitable IJV short lifetime Joint business political issues The opportunities where management style could have a critical impact include: Combination of technical and business skills Access to IJV parents staff Organizational learning According to Matthews (1999), developing ethnocentric mindset in organisations tends to concentrate on parent companys management methods, be narrow-minded and inflexible. Traditional IJVs used to concentrate on parent companys management procedures and problem solving process which mostly ended up unsuccessful but some chose to approach global mindset and try to understand different cultures, agree to diversity and apply different management approaches where needed. Multiple IJVs management style Within multiple IJVs it is gathered that decentralised approach is more successful than centralised approach. After forming IJVs in different locations and setting up the operations successfully each overseas IJV would plan and react to local market demand. This would improve efficiency and make them able to respond to local customers immediately. According to (Yan and Duan, 2004) matching partners need to have compatible management culture and strategy, consensus on strategies, control and operations management. In authors opinion compatible management style is about managers with efficient communication and skills in creating a balanced relationship between partners. Management control and strategy is the key to be agreed by both parties to prevent any conflicts during the IJV and management control to prevent problems such as rush growth, ineffective use of resources and autonomous goals. Within this process partners need to have a structured management system and build an independent organisational culture. According to Gil and Butler (2003) it is easier to work with an international partner when managers have international business experience and cultural knowledge, this awareness enables them to adapt to environment, have positive attitude, respect multicultural environment and identify business partners capabilities Therefore having multicultural market knowledge can create an opportunity for both partners to understand and respect cultures, agreeing on what is best for joint partnership. According to Gil and Butler (2003) the stability of the relationship depends on trust, conflict and dependenceÂÂ  influenced by management skills affecting IJV performance. Some of the important skills in managing IJV are: Negotiation skills: Compromise, exchange ideas and make decisions at different levels e.g. Engineers and Stakeholders Management Political skills: Negotiate and communicate with government members involved in IJV Diplomacy: Dealing with conflicts and resistance within the partner relationship Inter-partner skills: Managing partnership, communication, expectations and setting objectives Influential skills: Influence and motivate team members Managing ambiguity: Bringing objectives and vision as close as possible. In authors opinion in hybrid IJV organisations, it is difficult to avoid conflicts and control system with openness management style. First steps in IJV early stages are: To identify problems and related solutions agreed by everyone To plan and ensure that the management strategy matches the IJV environment Flexible management approach to adopt as changes happen Balanced relationship creates harmony and trust, successfulÂÂ  managementÂÂ  of an international joint venture mainly depends on a balanced partnership which is based on trust and shared ownership, where parties communicate effectively and clearly to help efficient move towards common goals and clear objectives. At the same time extra cautious needs to be taken when dealing with sensitiveÂÂ  culturalÂÂ  andÂÂ  regionalÂÂ  issues, withÂÂ  a certainÂÂ  degreeÂÂ  ofÂÂ  diplomacy, people andÂÂ  languageÂÂ  skills. Creating good condition for partnership Prior to start of any engagement when forming a joint venture partnership, it is essential for both parties to setup an agreement clearly defining expectations and scope. This will form a clear understanding between partners and helps with effectiveness of communications between parties (Barnes, 2010). In authors opinion to increase the chances of relationship survivor it is important to be open about every aspect of the business from beginning in particularly about financial matters to gain the partners trust. Agreements on goals, responsibilities and performance measurements (KPI) in early stages could indicate any problems and warnings, which could be resolved and prevented in early stages. In the meantime flexible relationship and atmosphere is essential to allow freedom of speech and involvement in suggesting improvements or even change of original objectives. Any partnership would encounter problems and disagreements, however looking at problems positively and promoting an attitude to create situations where win-win approach (Barnes, 2010) is applied is the key for creating a good condition for a successful partnership. There are a number of elements that would significantly impact the condition of an international joint venture experience and environments: Invest time and effort to get to know the partner In an international joint venture partnership it is important for the parties to take the time to get to know each others organisational structure, cultural habits and methods of work. Clear objectives Setting clear objectives and goals prior to any engagements is essential to prevent any ambiguity and conflicts. Management style IJV complex environment could create conflict and ambiguity between partners, compatible management skills could create balanced relationship. Roles and responsibility definition and assignment In a complex joint venture partnership with a large number of unknowns and a mixture of cultures, habits, structures and skillsets, roles and responsibilities ought to be defined clearly to avoid disappointment and ensure effective partnership condition. Expectation management Open and honest communications from start of the business to the end is essential, people involved need to understand what will be achieved and when this will be achieved. Everyone needs to understand the objectives and progress of them. Misunderstood or unrealistic expectations can make a successful process ending as a failure. Create Trust When an environment is stabilised and partners have agreed on compatible goals with set mutual benefits, both parties need to work on gaining each others trust to enable smooth process avoiding unnecessary red tapes to maximise efficiency and workforce effectiveness. Risk forecast, evaluation and prevention It is important for companies in a joint venture partnership, to identify and evaluate the risks related to the partnership program and the associated impacts. Identifying problems and risk evaluation in early stages would prevent any unexpected surprises during the process. Also this would give an opportunity toÂÂ  analyse issues and find solutions. Following are examples of potential risks with IJV partnership: Language barriers Multinational partnership involves different languages; a solution needs to be applied to overcome language barriers. Full reliance on interpreters and translators could introduce additional risks where individuals do not have the required technical and related business experiences. It is highly advantageous if the employee involved with the business strategy, have related knowledge, background as well as being bilingual. Culture Different cultures represent unknowns and risks. Respecting multicultural environment and having awareness could prevent future conflicts, create opportunities to utilise multinational benefits and minimize the level of disagreements between parties. Politics Government laws and regulations vary in different countries. Time need to be invested to fully understand the local policies where the venture is based. Organisational strategies Organisational strategies mismatch between companies could directly or indirectly affect the objectives. These inconsistencies are required to be identified and highlighted to be considered during the planning phase to avoid potential future issues. Geographic consideration Local and related market condition as well as work ethic should be considered and matching business environment appropriately applied. Communication Clear communication is crucial in IJV environment where a lot of conflicts and confusion could occur because of cultural differences. Setting an open networks and freedom where employees can approach management levels easily could create an opportunity for everyone to get involved. Conclusion For countries to develop, create new technologies, use new facilities market and products, joint venture is very beneficial. Joint venture is an opportunity to boost businesses and continues to occur in more countries. Every international joint venture starts with different cultures and because of its multicultural nature it is unavoidable to experience disagreements. Creating mutual benefits and harmonious environments with common objectives and agreed values can overcome the cultural differences and create common culture which benefits partners and uses the positive side of multicultural partnership. It might be more effective to invest in countries that have similar cultures because it would be easier to understand the business networks, market needs and to resolve problems. With countries developing to be multicultural and expanded communication network reaching further distances, it is getting easier to approach new opportunities. People are interested to know other cultures and learn about others. The challenges and complexity in different cultures is unavoidable but nations awareness is very high hence their approach to each other is very positive and relaxed. While achieving strategic fit is more fundemental to the viability of a partnership,a good cultural fit optimises the potential of the partnership and helps to avoid the threats to its continuation which arise from misunderstanding and antipathy. While it is important for partners in an IJV to establish a strategic fit to help improve feasibility of a partnership, an effective cultural match between the companies creates opportunities for a stronger relationship. This helps to avoid misunderstanding, risks and potential issues that could cause damage the partnership. Partners need to establish trust, honesty and priorities to understand elements of successful IJV, structuring relative management style, which is independent from parents company strategy and assigning partners management responsibilities according to their expertise promises positive outcome at the end of the partnership. Partners require creating a relationship based on honesty trust. It is vital for the parties to invest time and resource to understand fundamentals of a successful IJV partnership. Reforming and creating a relative management strategy, which is independent from partner companies are key to a successful joint venture partnership.